產(chǎn)業(yè)分析報(bào)告范文
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第1篇
This report aims to analyze competitiveness of internet industry in Australia using five forces model. Competition is more intensive between Telstra and Optus which have a remarked position in the market. The existence of several small operators and growing use of ADSL and wireless are good substitutes of cable solutions. Telstra's apparent government protection is yet a barrier for new entrants including Optus. This also imposes reduced bargaining power of retailers and high charges attached to their supply. The industry is relatively new in Australia and is still growing and offering more opportunities in remote regions. A new market structure has been demanded by operators in order to activate competition and reduce monopoly of fixed line services. Australian Government has been positively reacted by launching a new National Broadband Network （NBN） program although it has not yet selected the operators of this NBN.
1.METHODOLOGY AND LITERATURE REVIEW
Gathering information about the ISP industry was progressed through the use of the internet and its purpose was to understand the structure and the prospect of its industry. Numerous information were therefore obtained from company websites， industry and IT news articles， government websites， academic journals， announcements and report from companies， and recent industry reports.
As to effective and efficient ISP industry analysis， it was necessary to get superior and useful information which can be applied to Porter's five forces analysis as the key theory in this report. The information was utilised to determine competitiveness of the ISP industry and to analyse framework of the five forces， including internal rivalry， threat of entry， substitutes， supplier power， and buyer power （Appendix 1）.
Several statistic data from Australian government websites was especially used for comparative analysis to research on specific factors such as market share of the ISP industry. Moreover， the information obtained from various sources was used for the market research in order to accomplish an accurate analysis of the ISP industry.
2.INDUSTRY ANALYSIS USING PORTER'S FIVE FORCES
2.1Internal rivalry
The rapid growth in internet demand combined with relatively easy entry in Australian market in last ten years has contributed for a diversified yet heterogeneous supply. The industry is characterized by a proliferation of small business operators though dominated by small number of large firms. From a total number of 770 operators at end of 2007 less than 5% had 10，000 customers and nearly 1.2% could be considered very large with 100，000 clients （TIO statistics cited in Collins， L.， Love， P.， Landfeldt， B. and Coroneos， P.， 2008）.
Although several regulatory attempting of the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission （ACCC） to boost competition， this is still regarded by operators as insufficient as it emphasizes on ULL and DSLAMs facilities rather than on resale. This undermines ISPs providers with large number of resale customers. Competition is described to be more accentuated among few very large operators and particularly between Telstra and Optus. Telstra Bigpond dominated market representing 34% of ADSL and proportionally shared cable market with Optus - 7% in 2007. Other retailers absorbed the remaining 49% of ADSL and 4% cable （Bharat Book Bureau， online assessed）. The monopoly of Telstra in network of fixed lines provision is a crucial bottleneck for economic performance of operators （Paul O'Sulivan CEO Optus speech on 21/10/08， Bharat Book Bureau assessed online）.
Owing to heavy initial investment and operational costs in this industry， only large players can obtain considerable profit margin. Indeed their large scale enables them to offer services with more standardized quality and at lower prices. Therefore they can attract and retain customers more successfully （Madden， G.， Savage， S.J. and Coble-Neal， G.， 1999）. Conversely， small players with their limited capacity can only operate as redistributors of larger industries offering added value services at higher charges. Transmission and interconnection costs are in general the primary costs for all operators （ABS 1997） and customer's easy migration from dial-up to broadband internet seems to squeeze margins. However customer's loyalty and intensive promotion campaigns can sustain leader's market margins. Telecommunication is described by Budde， P. 2005 as a commodity industry requiring very large scales to operate profitably.
2.2Threat of Entry
The ISP industry in Australia has gradually grown in recent years as home and business access to the internet has been increasing continuously （Appendix 2） and it entails significant economies of sales （DBCDE， 2008） （Appendix 3）.
The entrants need to attempt to overcome the cost advantage of incumbents because incumbents derive the cost advantage from economies of scope （Besanko， 2000）. Entrants need to achieve a market share to reach minimum efficient scale via establishing their brand loyalty. However， the large ISPs generally have already established a strong reputation and brand awareness with the large number of retailers and it results in that incumbents can have an advantage over the entrants.
No matter what types of the internet， ISPs must use the existing telephone line to provide the internet to customers. However， incumbents such as Telstra control infrastructure of cable， local loop， and telephone line networks in Australia （Howell， 2002）. It functions as a barrier to enter into the broadband market because they have to use the existing telephone line to provide the internet to customers （Optus， 2008）.
The Australian government has been carrying out a policy as NBN （National Broadband Network） to provide high-speed internet for 98 percent of Australian homes and businesses （DBCDE， 2008）. It is therefore regarded as that the government encourages the internet business. However， there has been a protection of incumbents by the government. For instance， Telstra had a monopoly in DSL for several years and it causes Telstra having been affecting anti-competition on the broadband market. Therefore， entrants such as Optus and other competitors had difficulties to enter the market in 2004. They have demanded new structural features to limit the market power of Telstra to activate competitive market （Browne， 2008）.
2.3Substitutes
The substitutes for DSL technology in Australia are wireless， cable， satellite and other non dial-up technologies. As at June quarter of 2008， non dial-up technologies （including mainly DSL， wireless， cable and satellite） are so popular that the number of subscribers amounts to 78% of total internet subscribers in Australia （ABS 2008） （Figure， Appendix 3）. It is thanks to non-dial up technology that nowadays consumers can access the internet with greater speeds and 'always on' connections and without tying up or paying extra costs for their phone lines. Within the expanding internet market over the reported periods， DSL is the dominant technology with 70% of the market share for non dial-up （ABS 2008） （Figure， Appendix 4）. In comparison to wireless and other non dial-up technologies， DSL has the advantages of fastest speeds （especially with the new ADSL2 and ADSL2+）， lowest costs and high quality. Moreover， DSL is more attractive to consumers in terms of price in the non dial-up competition. This is simply because there are many small ISPs offering ADSL （and currently increasing on ADSL2， 2+） but less on wireless and just two （Telstra and Optus） offering cable （ABS 2008）. However， the six-month period from Dec quarter 2007 to Jun quarter 2008 has seen a significant growth in wireless market share （almost double from 8% to 14%） and as a result， a decrease in DSL share （ABS 2008）. The increasing of wireless proportion over the reported period's signals that wireless technology may be a potential substitute for DSL in Australia in the future.
2.4Supplier power
The reasons for a certain supplier to gain the bargaining power include： the main production factors are only supplied by a few manufacturers， and no substitutes to be found； and at the same time， this industry is deficient to upgrade its production capability to produce the product by itself （Porter， 1980）. The most important production factor in the ISP industry is Broadband （Appendix 5）. Currently， there are two suppliers providing broadband service， namely Fixed Lines and Cable TV network， the latter provides broadband of the cable modem， while the former provides nearly all the broadband of wire connections.
No matter it is Fixed Lines or Cable TV， they both enjoy the trait of scale economy， which is dominated by a few of leading companies or groups， such as Telstra and Optus （Minder， 2006） and（ Morris， 2007）. With the fast development of Internet， ADSL has emerged as the high-speed Internet service （Finneran. M.， 2003）. Recent research shows that Telstra Bigpond occupies the market by 34% of ADSL， and Optus takes up 7% in the cable market， while leaving 49% of ADSL and 4% cable in 2007 for other dealers （Bharat Book Bureau， online assessed）.
While the ISP industries are failed to upgrade its service and set up Broadband by its own， the Broadband providers are easily to downgrade with the ISP industries. For this reason， Broadband suppliers enjoy the power to bargain with the ISP industries. What is worth noting is the fact that due to the open-up of the network of fixed line service， fixed network providing are developing rapidly， from the very few providers in the past to a number of the current providers， e.g. Optus， Telstra Bigpond， iiNet， Dodo， Vodafone， Virgin etc. Among which， Telstra enjoys the highest profit as a telecommunications company （Asialaw， 2008）. This indicates that the bargaining power of the internet service providers will decrease with the liberalization of the telecommunication industry.
2.5Buyer power
With the easy market entry in Internet service providers industry， internet use has been growing at a rapid pace and caused fierce competition. The number of internet subscribers has been increasing constantly as internet is now everywhere in people's daily life （Gary， M. & Grant， C. 2002）. Internet Service Providers mainly range between several large operators in Australia， and hence demand and supply of internet are continual experiencing to grow up rapidly. As long as customers have more preferences， buyers have a great power on ISPs' profit. Therefore， customers' retention is playing a vital role in the survival of ISPs. They are forced to increase services， decrease prices， and add more values and accessories to their products to keep consumers' loyalty. Moreover， high-performance services and products are required as well.
Household income has a great impact on the demand of the internet. This justifies the fact that ISPs are currently offering flat-rate pricing to pursue consumers （Biggs， P. & Kelly， T. 2006）. Price strategy may be a helpful and successful model for ISPs in the short-term. However for long-term， they are required to fully and in detail understand the demand of various factors in the market and consumers that would help them to attract further market shares （Yogesh， K. al. etc.， 2009）. Furthermore， an evaluation of consumers' future behavior and an in-depth analysis of current subscribers' choices are required because the internet is a highly competitive market for ISPs （Grigoroudis et. al. 2007）.
3.CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Australian Bureau of Statistics （ABS）， 1998 - Telecommunication Services， Catalogue No. 8148， Canberra， AGPS.
accc.gov.au， Australian Competition and Consumer Commission （ACCC）.
Madden， G.， Savage， S.J. and Coble-Neal， G. （1999） - Subscribers churn in Australian Internet Market. Information， Economics and Policy 1999， 11， pp 195-207.
Australian Bureau of Statistics （ABS）， 2008 - Internet Activity， Catalogue No. 8153， Australia， June 2008.
， Bharat Book Bureau.
.au， Get connected - industry trends， assessed on 20/03/09
Budde， P. （2005）. Australian telecoms moving into 2006
.au Paul O'Sullivan Optus Chief Executive CommsDay Breakfast 21 October 2008， Securing Major Competitive Investment： How to repeat the success of the early Nineties.
Dwivedi， Y.K.， Lal， B.， and Williams. M. D.， （2009）， Managing consumer adoption of broadband： examining drivers and barriers， Industrial Management & Data Systems， Vol. 109， No. 3， pp 357-369.
Browne， M （2008） ISPs demand intervention on Telstra ADSL2+block， viewed 19 March，
http：//.au/news/communi-
cations/soa/ISPs-demand-intervention-on-Telstra-ADSL2-block/0，130061791，339286264，00.htm？feed=pt_adsl
DBCDE （Department of Broadband， Communications and the Digital Economy） （2008） Feasibility Study ISP Level Content Filtering， viewed 22 March，
http：//dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf
_file/0006/95307/Main_Report_-_Final.pdf
DBCDE （Department of Broadband， Communications and the Digital Economy） （2008） National Broadband Network， viewed 21 March，
http：//dbcde.gov.au/communications
_for_business/funding_programs__and__support/national_broadband_network
Howell， B （2002） Broadband Uptake and Infrastructure Regulation： Evidence from the OECD Countries， viewed 22 March，
http：//trp.hku.hk/papers/2003/broad-
band_uptake.pdf
Optus （2008） Optus Chief Executive ABN AMRO Communications Conference， viewed 21 March， http：//.au/dafiles/OCA
/AboutOptus/MediaCentre/Speeches/08.04.29%20Paul%20O%27Sullivan%20ABN%20AMRO%20speech%20FINAL.pdf
Porter， M.E. （1980） Techniques for Analy-
sing Industries and Competitors Competitive Strategy Free Press： New Work.
Finneran. M （2003）. ADSL2： Faster， farther and better. Business Communications Review， 33（5）， 20-23. Retrieved March 22， 2009
Australia's great broadband challenge （2008， May）. Asialaw Retrieved March 21， 2009
Minder， R （2006） Telstra sale doubles to nearly Dollars 12bn TELECOMS Financial Times，p. 27. Retrieved March 28， 2009
Morris， L（ 2007） Broadband investment dispute brewing in Australia. Telecommunications， p41（7）， 11. Retrieved March 28，2009
Gary， M. and Grant， C. （2002）， Internet Economics and Policy， An Australian Perspective. Economic Record， Vol. 78， pp. 343-357
Biggs， P.， and Kelly， T.， （2006）， Broadband pricing strategies， Info， Vol. 8， No. 6， pp 3-14
Grigoroudis， E.， Kyriazopoulos， P.， Siskos， Y.， Spyridakos， A.， and Yannacopoulos， D.， （2007）， Tracking changes of e-customer preferences using multicriteria analysis， Managing Service Quality， Vol. 17， No. 5， pp 538-562
APPENDICES
Appendix 1 - Porter's Five Forces （Investopedia， 2009）
Appendix 2
Use of PCs and the Internet by households （DBCDE， 2008）；Use of PCs and the Internet by all businesses （（DBCDE， 2008）；Use of broadband technology by home Internet users （DBCDE， 2008）；http：//archive.dbcde.gov.au/2008/01/statistical_benchmarking/online_statistics
The Australian Internet Market （Market
Clarity， 2007）
http：//.au/news
/07-01-03-newsletter.cfm
Appendix 3
Profile of ISP industry by customer base （DBCDE， 2008）
http：//dbcde.gov.au/__data/assets
/pdf_file
/0006/95307/Main_Report_-_Final.pdf
Appendix 4
Internet Activity Summary， Australia， ISPs with more than 10，000 active subscribers （ABS， 2008）
Internet subscribers by access technology， for ISPs with more than 10，000 active subscribers （ABS， 2008）
Appendix 5
Broadband users as percentage of State population
第2篇
摘要：產(chǎn)業(yè)是一個(gè)地區(qū)競爭力的重要來源。河北省處于工業(yè)化中前期，以重工業(yè)為主，產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。本文旨在分析河北省的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，并在多年數(shù)據(jù)基礎(chǔ)之上分析河北省近些年的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)變化狀況，為下一步的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整服務(wù)。
關(guān)鍵詞：河北省；工業(yè)；建筑業(yè)，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)；區(qū)位商
產(chǎn)業(yè)是一個(gè)地區(qū)競爭力的重要來源。產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)是否合理決定了一個(gè)地區(qū)的競爭力水平。
一、河北2011年經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
2011年全年全省生產(chǎn)總值實(shí)現(xiàn)24228.2億元，比上年增長11.3%。其中，第一產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值2905.7億元，增長4.2%；第二產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值13098.1億元，增長13.4%；第三產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值8224.4億元，增長10.5%。第一產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值占全省生產(chǎn)總值的比重為12.0%，第二產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值比重為54.1%，第三產(chǎn)業(yè)增加值比重為33.9%。可見我省2012年仍然是以第二產(chǎn)業(yè)為主的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。
通過數(shù)據(jù)分析自從1992年以來我國第二產(chǎn)業(yè)在全省GDP比重中始終占據(jù)第一的位置，基本在百分之50到百分之70之間，而且從2008年后有占比上升趨勢。而我省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的在1995年后基本變化趨勢不大，始終處在百分之30到40之間，并且從2010年后占比有下降趨勢。而工業(yè)占比在第二產(chǎn)業(yè)中占比較大，其發(fā)展規(guī)律同第二產(chǎn)業(yè)基本相同，可見工業(yè)的競爭力在我省未來的競爭力來源中占據(jù)重要的地位。
二、工業(yè)競爭力及其分析
第二產(chǎn)業(yè)包括工業(yè)和建筑業(yè)，河北省工業(yè)占第二產(chǎn)業(yè)比重較大，對競爭力的影響較為明顯。
（一）判斷一個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)是否構(gòu)成地區(qū)生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化部門一般采用區(qū)位商這一指標(biāo)。當(dāng)區(qū)位商數(shù)值大于1時(shí)可以認(rèn)為該產(chǎn)業(yè)是本地區(qū)的專業(yè)化部門。其計(jì)算公式為：LQ=（Eij/Ei）/（Ekj/Ek）這里Eij指i地區(qū)產(chǎn)業(yè)j的產(chǎn)值，Ei指i地區(qū)總產(chǎn)值，Ekj指國家k產(chǎn)業(yè)j的總產(chǎn)值，Ek指國家k的總產(chǎn)值。
通過計(jì)算區(qū)位商大于2，產(chǎn)值比重大于15%的部門為一級主導(dǎo)專業(yè)化部門；區(qū)位商大于1.5，產(chǎn)值比重大于10%為二級主導(dǎo)部門。通過計(jì)算，2011年我省一級主導(dǎo)專業(yè)化部門為黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)，區(qū)位商為3.8，產(chǎn)業(yè)占比為29%。黑色金屬礦采選業(yè)雖然產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)位商非常高，其專業(yè)化程度高，但是產(chǎn)值占比卻僅僅5.5%左右，所以不能算是主導(dǎo)部門。而皮革、毛皮、羽毛（絨）及其制品業(yè)區(qū)位商為1.9，排名第三，但是產(chǎn)業(yè)比重僅為2%。其余產(chǎn)業(yè)區(qū)位商大于1的產(chǎn)業(yè)：金屬制品業(yè)，石油加工、煉焦及核燃料加工業(yè)，電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)，橡膠制品業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)比重均沒有超過10%。因此我省不存在2級主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。
為更好的研究工業(yè)狀況，將我省從2006年到2011年的工業(yè)現(xiàn)狀計(jì)算區(qū)位商及產(chǎn)業(yè)比重狀況發(fā)現(xiàn)，我省區(qū)位商大于2的產(chǎn)業(yè)連續(xù)五年均為黑色金屬礦采選業(yè)和黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)。黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè)為主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)的狀況始終沒有改變。
同時(shí)分析數(shù)據(jù)連續(xù)五年來黑色金屬礦采選業(yè)的區(qū)位商是不斷呈下降趨勢的，其產(chǎn)業(yè)比重卻在上升。也許未來的某年其會(huì)成長為河北省的一級主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)其中之一。因此筆者預(yù)計(jì)，將來河北省的工業(yè)主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)將會(huì)是兩大主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。
從2006年到2011年數(shù)據(jù)中發(fā)現(xiàn)區(qū)位商小于2但大于1.5的產(chǎn)業(yè)連續(xù)五年為 皮革、毛皮、羽毛（絨）及其制品業(yè)。而且皮革、毛皮、羽毛（絨）及其制品業(yè)的區(qū)位商是不斷上升的趨勢，其產(chǎn)業(yè)比重趨勢也是也不斷上升，因此如果改變一鋼獨(dú)大的格局，那未來皮革、毛皮、羽毛（絨）及其制品業(yè)將很有希望成長為河北的省的二級主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)。
而區(qū)位商小于1.5，大于1的產(chǎn)業(yè)，河北省2009年到2011年的產(chǎn)業(yè)非常穩(wěn)定為金屬制品業(yè)，石油加工、煉焦及核燃料加工業(yè)，電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)，橡膠制品業(yè)，煤炭開采和洗選業(yè)。從2006年、2007年時(shí)傳統(tǒng)的專業(yè)化水平較高的產(chǎn)業(yè)：食品制造業(yè)、非金屬礦物制品業(yè)、醫(yī)藥制造業(yè)、石油和天然氣開采業(yè)、農(nóng)副食品加工業(yè)，其專業(yè)化水平不再大于1，即傳統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)其專業(yè)化水平是在下降。而橡膠制品業(yè)在2006到2007年中專業(yè)化水平均沒有大于1，但是在2009年中異軍突起區(qū)位商不斷上升。
（二）河北省工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)梯度。比較勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率大致能客觀地反映一個(gè)部門當(dāng)年勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率的高低，通常第一產(chǎn)業(yè)比較勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率低于1，而第二、三產(chǎn)業(yè)比較勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率高于1。比較勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率越高，表明本部門的產(chǎn)值與勞動(dòng)力比值越大。
當(dāng)一個(gè)地區(qū)的比較勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和區(qū)位商均大于1，一般而言是本地區(qū)相對處于產(chǎn)業(yè)頂端的產(chǎn)業(yè)，是各種產(chǎn)業(yè)要素從其他地區(qū)向該地區(qū)集聚的結(jié)果，在該時(shí)期處于主導(dǎo)產(chǎn)業(yè)地位，并在地區(qū)的產(chǎn)業(yè)競爭中處于優(yōu)勢地位。而處于產(chǎn)業(yè)梯度中間層的產(chǎn)業(yè)在適當(dāng)?shù)臈l件和發(fā)展趨勢下具有向其他地區(qū)轉(zhuǎn)移的可能。通過計(jì)算河北省的絕對優(yōu)勢產(chǎn)業(yè)為：黑色金屬礦采選業(yè)、黑色金屬冶煉及壓延加工業(yè) 、皮革、毛皮、羽毛（絨）及其制品業(yè)、金屬制品業(yè)、煤炭開采和洗選業(yè)。而處于產(chǎn)業(yè)梯度中間層及（勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率和區(qū)位商其中一個(gè)大于1）的產(chǎn)業(yè)為 ：石油加工、煉焦及核燃料加工業(yè)、電力、熱力的生產(chǎn)和供應(yīng)業(yè)、橡膠制品業(yè)、電氣機(jī)械及器材制造業(yè)、農(nóng)副食品加工業(yè)、造紙及紙制品業(yè)、飲料制造業(yè)、廢棄資源和廢舊材料回收加工業(yè)、有色金屬礦采選業(yè)、紡織業(yè)、食品制造業(yè)、塑料制品業(yè)、文教體育用品制造業(yè)木材加工及木、竹、藤、棕、草制品業(yè)、紡織服裝、鞋、帽制造業(yè)、家具制造業(yè)、印刷業(yè)和記錄媒介的復(fù)制。
三、河北省建筑業(yè)
由圖1可以看出河北省建筑業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)比重總體來說是下降的，而且區(qū)位商的下降趨勢明顯，2000年河北省建筑業(yè)區(qū)位商大于1，專業(yè)化水平較高，但是到2011年區(qū)位商下降到0.713。
四、河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)
河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)中就業(yè)人數(shù)占河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)數(shù)比重，大于百分之十的產(chǎn)業(yè)為：批發(fā)和零售業(yè)（0.27），交通運(yùn)輸、倉儲(chǔ)和郵政業(yè)（0.15）、住宿和餐飲業(yè)（0.12）、居民服務(wù)和其他服務(wù)業(yè)（0.10）、教育（0.1）。而產(chǎn)業(yè)比重大于10%的前五個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)其產(chǎn)業(yè)比重總值，占河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)比重的76%，可見河北省的第三產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度非常高。
按區(qū)位商計(jì)算計(jì)算出前三位的區(qū)位商，批發(fā)和零售業(yè)（8.2159），交通運(yùn)輸、倉儲(chǔ)和郵政業(yè)（5.35133），住宿和餐飲業(yè)（7.76866），可以看出這三個(gè)的區(qū)位商非常大。并非是河北省的這三個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)專業(yè)化水平非常高，而是因?yàn)楹颖笔〉谌a(chǎn)業(yè)的這5個(gè)產(chǎn)業(yè)集中度較高。而河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展滯后，其就業(yè)人數(shù)少。2011年河北省第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人數(shù)為1202.96萬人，全國當(dāng)年第三產(chǎn)業(yè)就業(yè)人數(shù)為27282人，僅僅占全國的4.4%，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于全國水平。
五、結(jié)論
河北省在未來的幾年發(fā)展中，應(yīng)當(dāng)結(jié)合地區(qū)的優(yōu)勢，在產(chǎn)業(yè)政策和區(qū)域政策合理配合的基礎(chǔ)上，調(diào)整地區(qū)的發(fā)展方向和產(chǎn)業(yè)的優(yōu)化升級。應(yīng)該優(yōu)化工業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)，著力培育新興的工業(yè)增長極。結(jié)合環(huán)境政策，改造傳統(tǒng)高耗能高污染的支柱工業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)。大力推動(dòng)河北的城鎮(zhèn)化水平，促進(jìn)建筑業(yè)的發(fā)展。培育適合本省省情的第三產(chǎn)業(yè)，在總體上提高第三產(chǎn)業(yè)的比重。（作者單位：河北經(jīng)貿(mào)大學(xué)）
參考文獻(xiàn)：
[1]鄭適：《中國產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展監(jiān)測與分析報(bào)告》[J] 中國人民經(jīng)濟(jì)出版社2008
第3篇
一、發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀
（一）基地規(guī)模快速壯大。年，全縣共種植蔬菜39.2萬畝，年產(chǎn)152萬噸，產(chǎn)值19億元，實(shí)現(xiàn)收入突破10億元。設(shè)施蔬菜面積達(dá)到17.2萬畝，無公害蔬菜基地面積達(dá)到18.5萬畝，無公害蔬菜產(chǎn)品達(dá)到19個(gè)，形成百畝以上的蔬菜示范園15個(gè)，千畝以上的專業(yè)村82個(gè)，萬畝以上的蔬菜生產(chǎn)鎮(zhèn)8個(gè)，規(guī)模位居西北之首。蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為農(nóng)民收入的主渠道，收入占到全縣農(nóng)民人均純收入的45%以上。云陽的反季節(jié)蔬菜，口鎮(zhèn)的柴皮大蒜，王橋的胡蘿卜、香菜，蔣路、龍泉的甘藍(lán)、芹菜、洋蔥等蔬菜品種享譽(yù)省內(nèi)外，“一鄉(xiāng)一業(yè)，一村一品”的生產(chǎn)格局已初步形成。
（二）產(chǎn)業(yè)化水平不斷提升。全縣現(xiàn)有云陽蔬菜市場、龍泉蔬菜批發(fā)市場等10個(gè)蔬菜市場，總占地面積450畝，年銷量達(dá)100余萬噸。其中云陽蔬菜市場占地150畝，日交易量1800噸，年交易量4.8億元，成為西北地區(qū)最大的蔬菜產(chǎn)地批發(fā)市場。龍泉蔬菜批發(fā)市場占地150畝，建有3000平方米大廳兩座，并采用微機(jī)監(jiān)管，縣集批發(fā)、零售為一體的現(xiàn)代化大型市場，日交易量500噸以上，外運(yùn)車輛達(dá)40余輛。全縣共有冷庫19座，貯藏能力達(dá)3100噸。全縣已組織流通服務(wù)組織150多個(gè)，從事蔬菜銷售的大小車輛5300多輛，從業(yè)人員18.6萬人。全縣擁有蔬菜技術(shù)員1300余人，鎮(zhèn)科技示范點(diǎn)13個(gè)，科技示范戶180個(gè)。
（三）市場占有率不斷擴(kuò)大。從生產(chǎn)墻況看，年全市蔬菜播種面積123.3萬畝，產(chǎn)量338.3萬噸；縣年蔬菜播種面積39.2萬畝，占全市的31.8%，產(chǎn)量152萬噸，占全市的45%。從銷售情況看，西安市年均消費(fèi)蔬菜300萬噸，其中，縣銷往西安的蔬菜50萬噸，占到西安市場的16%左右。另外，遠(yuǎn)銷新疆、山西、內(nèi)蒙、青海、吉林、北京等地的蔬菜達(dá)90萬噸。
二、存在問題
（一）規(guī)模化程度不高。與山東壽光的設(shè)施蔬菜幾乎同時(shí)起步，但至年，壽光大棚達(dá)40萬畝，占到蔬菜面積的50%以上，而大棚蔬菜只占面積的25%。雖然我縣堅(jiān)持每年新增蔬菜1萬畝，但是發(fā)展的步伐仍然不快，規(guī)模化種植仍然比較滯后。按照目前西安市場的消費(fèi)量，我們擴(kuò)大規(guī)模的潛力仍然非常巨大。
（二）品牌效應(yīng)不明顯。主要體現(xiàn)在品種結(jié)構(gòu)單一，沒有打出地方特色品牌，目前，的設(shè)施和露地菜形成了以番茄、黃瓜、甘藍(lán)、西芹“老四樣”為主的特色菜種，但大宗菜、低檔菜品種面積大，而名特優(yōu)新品種、高檔精細(xì)菜面積小，沒有形成質(zhì)量優(yōu)勢和規(guī)模優(yōu)勢，特別是沒有形成具有影響力的外銷品種優(yōu)勢。
（三）科技含量不高。新品種、新技術(shù)、新材料的應(yīng)用推廣較差，大部分地區(qū)以傳統(tǒng)耕作為主，管理粗放，產(chǎn)量低，抵御自然災(zāi)害能力差。菜農(nóng)素質(zhì)差、勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率低下，嚴(yán)重影響蔬菜產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量，降低商品價(jià)值。名優(yōu)新特品種少，特別是市場認(rèn)可，特點(diǎn)突出，對產(chǎn)業(yè)起支撐作用的主打品種較少，難以做到“人有我特，人特我優(yōu)”。
（四）龍頭企業(yè)規(guī)模較小。包裝、保鮮、冷藏和加工數(shù)量小，延伸增值能力低。承包大量土地，經(jīng)營蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)化的大公司在還未出現(xiàn)，以蔬菜深加工為主的企業(yè)在也是空白。現(xiàn)有的10個(gè)蔬菜市場占地只有450畝，不如壽光的一個(gè)大。蔬菜生產(chǎn)專業(yè)合作社功能不健全，抵御市場風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的能力不強(qiáng)。
（五）蔬菜銷售渠道單一。目前，蔬菜直銷、配送、訂單等先進(jìn)的銷售模式還比較少，沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)菜籃子向菜碟子的根本轉(zhuǎn)變。蔬菜銷售大量依靠傳統(tǒng)模式，從產(chǎn)地市場到客商，再到城市的市場，再到老百姓的菜籃子，中間環(huán)節(jié)過多。
三、對策建議
“十二五”期間，我縣蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展要以建設(shè)西部蔬菜之鄉(xiāng)為目標(biāo)，到2015年，蔬菜面積達(dá)到45萬畝，其中設(shè)施蔬菜20萬畝。
一、壯大基地規(guī)模。堅(jiān)持每年新增蔬菜1萬畝，迅速擴(kuò)大蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)規(guī)模，加快建設(shè)“涇云、涇橋、口魯”公路沿線三大蔬菜產(chǎn)業(yè)帶，重點(diǎn)發(fā)展反季節(jié)日光溫室蔬菜和無公害蔬菜生產(chǎn)，逐步形成區(qū)域規(guī)模優(yōu)勢。大力發(fā)展專業(yè)村、專業(yè)戶，建設(shè)產(chǎn)業(yè)名鎮(zhèn)，逐步形成一批相對集中，規(guī)模較大的蔬菜生產(chǎn)基地，形成群體規(guī)模。
二、提高蔬菜品質(zhì)。牢固樹立“科技興菜”的理念，切實(shí)提高蔬菜生產(chǎn)的科技含量，優(yōu)化產(chǎn)品品質(zhì)。首先要大力發(fā)展無公害蔬菜生產(chǎn)；其次是要大力進(jìn)引市場銷路好的新蔬菜良種，填補(bǔ)市場空白，提高種菜效益。第三，積極發(fā)展名優(yōu)新特品種，形成新的生產(chǎn)優(yōu)勢，努力做到“人無我有，人有我無，人優(yōu)我特，人特我轉(zhuǎn)”。第四，通過舉辦技術(shù)培訓(xùn)班，組織技術(shù)觀摩交流，開展技術(shù)咨詢等方法，加強(qiáng)技術(shù)培訓(xùn)。力爭2—3年內(nèi)，使全縣80%以上的菜農(nóng)基本掌握蔬菜栽培技術(shù)，使蔬菜生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平明顯提高。
三、發(fā)展品牌蔬菜。市場經(jīng)濟(jì)是品牌經(jīng)濟(jì)。要圍繞特色蔬菜產(chǎn)品，積極申報(bào)一批蔬菜品牌，注冊商標(biāo)，進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大蔬菜的知名度。
四、加強(qiáng)市場建設(shè)。圍繞建設(shè)西部檔次最高的蔬菜批發(fā)市場，抓好云陽和龍泉蔬菜批發(fā)市場的改造，進(jìn)一步提高服務(wù)質(zhì)量和水平。鼓勵(lì)和支持蔬菜流通中介組織的發(fā)展，培育一批從事菜菜銷售的農(nóng)民經(jīng)紀(jì)人，壯大蔬菜營銷隊(duì)伍。
